Topology

This menu controls the topology of objects in Nomad, as well as tools to bake and transfer details between objects, and between textures.

Nomad is based on polygons, it uses triangles and quads to handle the geometry. By topology, we refer to both the number of faces but also the way points (vertices) are connected.

It's important to keep track of the topology, especially if you want to sculpt or paint fine details.

How to keep track of your topology?

You can display the Wireframe or simply disable Smooth Shading.

The topology menu of Nomad has several sections:

Method	Icon	Description
Multiresolution		Edit multiple levels of detail using subdivision
Voxel Remesher		Recompute a new topology with uniform density
Dynamic Topology		Add/Remove faces locally in real-time when sculpting or painting
Misc		Decimation, UVs, baking, remeshing, reprojection
Primitive		Primitive options

Polygon stats

The top section of the topology menu displays polygon information for the selected object and the entire scene. The numbers show the total number of vertices, total number of triangles, and total number of quads (4 sided polygons).

Tapping on this section will bring up a list of polygon statistics for all the polygon objects in the scene.

Multiresolution

What is multiresolution?

The multiresolution feature is useful for two main scenarios:

• The smooth subdivision algorithm to increase the polycount of your object
• Handle multiple level of resolution so that you can alternate between small and large scale edits

Multiresolution Workflow

One important aspect of the multiresolution is that you can go back to a lower resolution, make changes on your object and then go back to the highest resolution without losing the high resolution details. All the high resolution details will be projected automatically.

WARNING

If you are using a tool that alters the topology of your object, you will lose all the other resolutions of your object! You should always get a warning in case it should happen, for example when you are using:

• the Voxel Remesher
• the Dynamic Topology
• the Trim tool
• the Split tool

Multiresolution slider

This slider indicates the number of subdivision levels in the current object. If there are 6 vertical bars, there are 6 subdivision levels. The circle indicates the currently displayed subdivision level.

Reverse

When on the lowest subdivision level, the reverse button will attempt to create a level below the current one. Note that this generally can only happen if the object was created with subdivision to begin with, say in Nomad or in other 3d applications that multiresolution subdivision surfaces.

Subdivide

The Subdivide button will increase the number of polygons by 4, so make sure to keep an eye on the polycount as it can increase very quickly! One important aspect of Subdivision Surface is that they will converge to a Smooth Surface. To understand how it works, you can try the Subdivide button on an object with only a few polygons.

You can disable this Smooth behavior by checking the Linear subdivision option.

Delete lower

If there are subdivisions below the currently displayed level, delete them. If you do this by accident, you can recreate them with the Reverse button.

Delete higher

If there are subdivisions above the currently displayed level, delete them.

Linear subdivision

Subdivide the mesh without applying smoothing.

Sharp border

If your object has facegroups, enabling this option will keep the facegroup borders sharp. This can be set at each subdivision level (the subdivision slider will have a small icon above the level to indicate this).

Keep triangles

Most standard subdivision surface systems will attempt to convert all polygons to quads during a subdivision operation. This toggle will force the subdivision to use triangles instead.

Lock (LV0)

Prevent the lowest subdivision level from being modified. This can be important if your object was generated in another application, and the base object has to remain unchanged. When this option is disabled, large changes made at higher subdivision levels will move level 0.

TIP

Subdivision will smooth all sharp edges by default. To keep edges slightly sharp, experiment with using linear subdivision or Sharp border on the first 2 subdivide levels, then turn it off for the higher levels. This will create a semi-sharp subdivided mesh.

Voxel Remesher

When using the Voxel Remesher, the entire mesh will force the topology to have an uniform resolution, meaning all the polygons have more or less the same size. This is very useful when you don't want to think about topology and simply do free-form sculpting.

A typical sculpting workflow can start by using the Voxel Remesher to block-out a rough shape with a low resolution. Simply hit the Remesh button once in a while when you are stretching the mesh too much to avoid too much distortion.

Voxel?

As stated above, Nomad is a polygonal software, but the Voxel Remesher is one exception where another approach is used (temporarily) to perform the remeshing.

One big difference is that the voxel approach won't accept self intersection, so these will be resolved. Also it doesn't support meshes with holes in them.

By holes, we don't mean the genus hole (hole of a donus), but instead mesh that are not watertight/closed. Typically, what it means is that before applying the remeshing, every holes will be filled, similarly to the Trim tool or Hole filling feature.

Remesh

Execute the voxel remesh.

Resolution

The size of the voxels used during the calcuation. While changing this parameter a checkerboard pattern will be overlayed on the mesh to give a preview of the result.

Build multiresolution

Create lower multiresolution levels for the voxel remesh. If you use the checkerboard pattern to set a resolution, and set build multiresolution to 2, the final result will have detail that matches the resolution slider, and if you go to the multires tab, it will be at level 2, meaning you have lower resolution multires meshes at level 1 and level 0. This can be a good way to both generate a clean mesh with even polygons, and have a lower resolution control mesh.

Tip: Build multiresolution and stable smoothing

This option can sometimes cause 'loops' in the geometry that can be difficult to smooth, causing little pimples. If this happens, enable 'Stable smoothing' in the smooth tool options.

Keep sharp edges

Enable snapping of the new points to sharp edges on the original mesh. It can introduce distortion.

Dynamic Topology

Multiresolution and voxel remeshing are common industry methods to control topology, but both require you to watch that you're not stretching polygons too far, or squeezing polgyons too tight.

Dynamic Topology is an alternative method. As you sculpt, Nomad will adaptively add and remove polygons during the brush stroke, so carving in small details will add many small polygons where you need them, and smoothing elsewhere will take away polygons.

Note that dynamic topology will use triangle polygons rather than quads. This can look a little messy, but it's almost better to not look at the wireframe, just concentrate on making a nice looking sculpt without worrying about topology, then later you can use one of Nomad's other remeshing tools to generate a clean quad mesh.

See the video below in action.

Enabled

Turn on dynamic topology. A DynTopo icon will be placed below the brush radius and intensity sliders to allow you to toggle Dyntopo per tool.

Detail

Control the amount of detail, its behavior changes based on the 'Detail based on...' selection, see below.

Detail based on...

Method	Description
Screen	The level of detail will depend how big the object is on screen. The detail slider is 100% or higher for fine detail, making small triangles, or 1% for low detail, making big triangles.
Radius	The tool radius defines the amount of detail. Use a small tool radius, for fine detail, a big tool radius for low detail. The detail slider is a multiplier on this ratio.
Constant	The detail slider defines the amount of detail, and isn't affected by screen size or tool size.

TIP: Radius mode

To get a better sense of how radius mode works, start moving the detail slider with one finger, then at the same time change the tool radius with another finger. You will see how they are linked.

Prefer...

Method	Description
Speed	Favor performance
Quality	Favor quality

When you favor Quality, the 2 main differences are:

• refinement is applied before sculpting, so you will get less interpolating artifact when painting or sculpting very small details
• refinement is running until it converges to the correct level of detail, in contrast to an incremental behavior.

That way, if you sculpt very small details or do quick strokes, the topology will always be refined as expected

Use pressure on radius

Only relevant if Radius is activated. When enabled, the level of detail will always reflect the brush size, even when the brush size is affected by pencil pressure.

Use stroke falloff

Also include the brush falloff curve and alpha in the dyntopo calculations.

Method

Whether you are using Dynamic Topology on your Brush or Globally, you can choose in which mode it operates:

Method	Description
Uniformisation	It can add and remove faces, this is the mode used in the video above
Subdivision	Add new faces only, it cannot remove faces
Decimation	Remove faces only, it cannot add new faces

Protect masked area

Enable masked areas protecting the topology from being changed.

Vertex extrapolation

Detail

The resolution used for the remesh operation. If Dyntopo is in 'Constant' mode, it will be the same value as the Detail slider at the top of this menu.

Remesh

Execute a global remesh using the dyntopo algorithm. Usually you should use the Voxel Remesher for full remeshing.

However one advantage over the voxels is that the masked area will be protected, so you can have a better control on where to put more or less density.

Misc

Gear menu

Many of the tools in this menu have extra options. They can be accessed through the gear icon next to the section title.

Decimation

Reduce the number of polygons by trying to keep as many details as possible, using triangle polygons.

This feature can be useful if you want to export for 3d printing. However you should probably not use it if you want to continue sculpting on it, as it can produce uneven triangles.

Note that the masked areas won't be decimated.

TIP

Using the Quadremesh tool on high poly objects can take a long time to calculate, and give results that are hard to control. Pre-processing the mesh with facegroups and decimate will make Quadremesh run much faster, and allow much more control over topology.

• Facegroup the mesh to define your ideal quad flow.
• Facegroup relax to get smooth facegroup borders.
• Decimate. This will ensure you have no thin or distorted faces on the facegroup edge. In the decimate settings ensure facegroup is enabled. This will make triangle edges follow your facegroup edges precisely.
• In the Quadremesh options ensure relax is disabled (as you have already relaxed the mesh) and you should get good results.

Decimate

Start the decimate operation.

The icons next to the decimate button allow you toggle options that affect decimation. The percent indicates how strong that option is, and can be set in the advanced gear menu.

• Preserve Painting - Place more triangles where there is painting detail.
• Uniform Faces - Prefer making evenly sized triangles.
• Preserve Geometry Borders - Decimate will try to keep borders near open geometry and holes unchanged.
• Preserve Facegroup Borders - Decimate will try to keep facegroup borders unchanged.
• Preserve UV Borders - Decimate will try to keep UV borders unchanged.

Decimate gear menu

The gear menu has these advanced options:

Preserve painting

The checkbox will toggle this mode, the value will determine how accurately painting detail will be preserved. Higher values will preserve more painting. Set to 0 if you do not care about painting.

Uniform faces

The checkbox will toggle this mode. Higher values will output triangles with similar size.

Preserve borders

Enable to stop borders being decimated. Border weights can be selected for Geometry, Face Group or UV borders.

Target triangles

Set the target triangle count. The default value is 50%, the percent/target button will toggle between a percentage or an exact target poly count.

UV Unwrap - UVAtlas

Compute texture coordinates (UVs) for the current mesh, generally preferring to make more islands with cuts, to minimise distortion.

The small eye icon between the menu title and the gear menu will toggle previewing uv's on the object.

Unwrap

Calculate UVs for the selected object, which will be displayed in the background.

Delete UVs

Delete UVs on the object.

UVAtlas gear menu

The gear menu has these advanced options:

Face Group

Use facegroups to define the cuts for the UV's.

Max Stretch

Low values create less distortion and more islands, high values create more distortion and less islands.

Island spacing

The amount of padding between the islands. Low values will waste less space, but will risk textures bleeding between islands.

WARNING

Computing UVs can take some time, it is best to have a mesh with fewer than 100k vertices.

UVs?

A common analogy for UV's is wrapping a gift; what is the best way to cut wrapping paper to completely cover an object, with no overlaps?

Uv's are similar, but instead of cutting the paper, you cut the object. Imagine if your model was made of thin plastic, how would you cut your model apart to unwrap it to lie flat, paint on it in that flat state, then reassemble it?

Now imagine the surface of your model is made of stretchy lycra. You could stretch the model flat, or cut it, or a combination of both. But if you painted a checkerboard on the object when flattened, the checkerboard would be distorted when you reassemble it. Which is a better method, more cuts with less distortion, or less cuts with more distortion?

Uv's are instructions to tell 3d software how to 'cut and stretch' the object when applying textures. The UV Atlas tool generally uses a 'more cuts, less distortion' approach.

UV's and Nomad and other apps

Most textured models you find online will be textured with UVs. Nomad can import and display this via the material panel.

When models are made in Nomad, you can paint directly onto objects without UVs. If you need to export them to other apps, eg Procreate, you can 'bake' Nomad color information into textures via UVs.

UV Unwrap - BFF

BFF Uv's favour a 'less cuts, more distortion' approach.

UV BFF gear menu

Face Group

Use facegroups to define the cuts for the UV's.

Cone count

Define the number of main projections used. Lower values will produce fewer islands, but more distortion.

Seamless patches

Affects the layout of the uv patches, workes best with carefully created facegroups.

Bake -> texture

Texture baking will create textures by projecting other visible objects in the scene into the uv's of the selected object.

Here is the typical workflow for baking:

• You have a mesh with fine details and painting
• Clone it
• Decimate it (set Preserve painting to 0)
• UV unwrap it
• Bake it!

Nomad by default will take every visible mesh in the scene into account. You can also use the Solo mode to quickly hide most of the other meshes. If there is no other visible objects, then it will take the entire scene into account.

You should now have a low-resolution mesh that retains most of the paint and details of your previous object.

After the operation, vertex colors will be moved in a new disabled layer, so they don't interfere with the textures.

From itself

Bake the highest multiresolution level to the lowest level on the current object. This is simple to setup, but often you will require more control, in which case the next option is more useful.

From high-res ()

Bake from the other visible objects in the scene to the selected object. The number in brackets indicate the number of other visible objects that will be used as high-res targets, and baked into the current low-res object with uv's. The other objects do not need to be similar in layout or topology to the object being baked, allowing for versatile bake workflows.

Resolution

The resolution of the baked texture. Bake textures are always square, so 1024 will create a 1024x1024 image.

The buttons below are shortcuts for commonly used resolutions. For reference, 512x512 is relatively small, say for web graphics and simple geometry. 4096x4096 (4k for short) is for high quality renders.

Bake gear menu

The gear menu has these advanced options:

Normal, Roughness, Metalness, Color, Emissive, Opacity

These checkboxes will determine which properties will be baked, each into separate maps. After the bake is complete, these will be added as textures to the material of the current object.

Backup

To preview the baked textures, the object's paint information should be disabled. This option will transfer any paint information to a new layer as a backup so it can be easily enabled/disabled.

Cage radius

Adjust how far away from the bake object rays are sent to look for target objects. By default this distance is kept low to avoid artifacts, but can be increased if the target objects are far away from the bake object.

Ray offset

Adjust where the bake calculations start from on the bake object. By default they start 5% away from the surface, which avoids most common artifacts. If the target objects are very far away from the bake object, this offset might need to be increased.

Reproject to vertex

Project sculpted details, painting, layers, textures into vertex values.

It can be thought of as the inverse of baking; if baking transfer vertex properties to textures, reproject transfers textures (and other properties) back into vertices.

TIP

When using Bake to texture or Reproject to vertex, both the vertex colors and material textures will be taken into account.

From itself

Convert textures from the material into vertex values. This button will only be active if the object has UV's, and textures are active in the material.

TIP: Texture painting

Nomad doesn't directly support painting and editing textures, but very similar results can be achieved by projecting textures -> vertex values, painting on vertices, then bake vertex -> textures:

1. Setup a low poly object with UV's
2. Load textures into it's material
3. Subdivide it enough to paint on
4. Reproject to vertex in From itself mode, now the texture has been converted to vertex values
5. Paint, smooth, smudge, stamp, do whatever edits you need
6. Bake to texture, in From itself mode. Those edits are converted back into textures.

From high-res ()

Convert any visible objects into vertex values on the selected object. The number on this button indicates the number of visible objects.

TIP

Reprojecting other objects can be used not just for transferring color information from other objects, but to project vertices onto other objects, eg bandages can be projected onto a character.

Reproject gear menu

The gear menu has these advanced options:

Vertices, Roughness, Metalness, Color, Opacity, Opacity->Mask, Mask, Layers, Face Group

These checkboxes determine which properties will be projected to the selected object.

Relax

The selected mesh can have its layout smoothed or relaxed a certain amount to better fit the reprojection targets. Smooth is better for high poly meshes. Relax is better for low poly meshes. Auto will let Nomad determine the best method.

Iterations

How many times the relax operation should be applied during the reprojection.

Cage radius

Adjust how far away from the selected object rays are sent to look for target objects. By default this distance is kept low to avoid artifacts, but can be increased if the target objects are far away from the bake object.

Ray bias

Lower values will favor projection to the nearest point on the target surface. Higher values will favor an intersecton point using the surface normal.

Ray offset

Adjust where the bake calculations start from on the selected object. By default they start 5% away from the surface, which avoids certain artifacts. If the target objects are very far away from the bake object, this offset might need to be increased.

Quad Remesh - Instant

Remesh using the Instant Meshes algorithm by Wenzel Jakob, Marco Tarini, Daniele Panozzo, Olga Sorkine-Hornung. It will analyze the flow of a mesh and create clean quad topology.

TIP

On iOS and desktop, the Quad remesher tool gives better results and more control.

Remesh

Start the instant meshes operation.

Target quads

The number of quad polygons quad remesh will attempt to create.

Quad Remesh Instant gear menu

The gear menu has these advanced options:

Crease angle

A threshold of sharp corners that will try and help guide the remesh operation.

Max fill hole

The algorithm can sometimes produce unwanted holes. If a hole has fewer vertices than this value, then it will be filled.

Holes

Most of the time, your object will probably be watertight, meaning the mesh is 'closed'.

If your object has holes, you can fill them. Note that it only works on 'naive' holes, as such, it cannot 'weld' two separate borders.

TIP

When you run the Voxel remesher, all the holes are automatically closed, whether you are using it on 1 or multiple meshes.

Close holes

Execute the hole close action.

Holes gear menu

The gear menu has these advanced options:

Detail

The polygon density used to fill the whole. While dragging this slider a checkerboard pattern will be shown on the model, this will give an indication of the triangle size to use. The checkbox will disable this, and only use the existing points, which will usually create long thin triangles over the hole, which can be difficult to sculpt.

Fill non-manifold

Try to fill non manifold hole.

Face Group

When filling holes, should each hole get its own facegroup (Auto), or should they all share a facegroup (Off), or don't create facegroups (On).

Force Manifold

Try to clean non manifold edges. It can be useful for external software that don't support edges that have more than 2 faces in common.

Clean

Execute the clean action.

Force manifold gear menu

The gear menu has these advanced options:

Delete small faces

A threshold used to remove and join small polygons.

Triplanar

Converts the mesh into a triplanar primitive. You will likely lose a lot of detail in the process.

Force cubic

Enable the triplanar to be a cube. Otherwise the triplanar will fit to the closest bounding box around your object.

Convert

Execute the triplanar action.

Resolution

The voxel size used in the triplanar operation.

Primitive

Parameters for the selected primitive. These are also available in the primitive viewport toolbar.